ArticleDNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes2026
The genome of a keystone predator: adaptive innovations in Charonia tritonis drive specialized predation and coral reef resilience.
Article in DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The giant triton snail (Charonia tritonis) is an ecologically critical predator that controls coral reef ecosystems by preying on crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS). However, overharvesting has driven severe population declines, threatening reef health. Despite its importance, the genomic underpinnings of its unique adaptations-including toxin resistance, prey detection, and environmental resilience-remain poorly understood. Here, we present the first chromosome-level genome assembly of C. tritonis (3.8 Gb), the largest sequenced gastropod genome, which encapsulates the large repetitive sequences comprising 70.1% of the genome and fueling massive genomic expansion. Macrosynteny and molecular dating analysis confirm a Jurassic-era (∼190 Mya) whole-genome duplication (WGD) that facilitated adaptive innovation. Comparative analyses identified gene family expansions critical to C. tritonis' ecological dominance: (i) toxin resistance via immune/detoxification systems (eg, galectins, Toll-like receptors, CYP450 enzymes); (ii) Sensory specialization (eg, rhodopsin expansions) enhancing prey detection in complex reef habitats; and (iii) DNA repair pathways (RADX proteins) supporting longevity and UV resistance. Tissue-specific expression profiling confirmed tentacle-exclusive localization of sensory receptors, directly linking genomic adaptations to foraging behavior. This study provides foundational insights into the evolution of a keystone marine predator, offering actionable genetic targets for conservation strategies and illuminating mechanisms that shape predator-prey coevolution in coral reefs.
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