Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42448744›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Insight into cytotoxic and molecular mechanisms of bee venom and its nanoemulsion against West Nile virus in vitro.

Abeer M Salem, Heba Seyam, Sameh Ismail, Mohammed A Abd El-Mobdy, Eman E Zaher, El-Sayed H Shaurub, Soad A ElKenawi

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Abeer M SalemDepartment of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12613, Giza, Egypt. mabeer@sci.cu.edu.eg.ORCID 0000-0001-8552-5372
Heba SeyamHoney Bee Research Department, Agricultural Research Center, Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
Sameh IsmailFaculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch, P.O. Box 12588, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza, Egypt.
Mohammed A Abd El-MobdyFaculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch, P.O. Box 12588, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza, Egypt.
Eman E ZaherDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
El-Sayed H ShaurubDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, B.O. Box 12613, Giza, Egypt.
Soad A ElKenawiDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, B.O. Box 12613, Giza, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) causes West Nile fever and is primarily transmitted by Culex spp. mosquitoes. The primary hosts of WNV are birds, while humans and horses can also develop illness following infection. Currently, no specific antiviral therapy exists for WNV, and vaccination remains the only effective preventive measure. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the crude bee venom (BV) and its nanoemulsion (NE) on WNV by determining in vitro Vero cells cytotoxicity and viral titer by RT-qPCR. We also conducted BV peptides-envelope glycoprotein of WNV interactions by molecular docking analysis. The NE of BV was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analyses. The DLS revealed that the size of NE was greater than that of BV. Also, the DLS showed that the polydispersity index of NE was less than that of BV (0.349 and 0.557, respectively). Zeta potential analysis of NE was slightly less than that of BV (23.0 and 23.7 mV, respectively). Both treatments showed low cytopathic effects on Vero cells compared to positive control infected with WNV. RT-qPCR revealed that the titer of WNV was lower in cells treated with BV and its NE than in controls. Molecular docking revealed BV peptides-envelope glycoprotein of WNV interactions, with binding energy of - 5.2, - 4.5, - 13.0, - 10.8, and - 5.1 kcal/mol for the peptides apamin, tertiapin, melittin, mast cell degranulating peptide, and secapin-2 peptide, respectively. BV-NE demonstrated preliminary in vitro anti-WNV activity requiring mechanistic, toxicological, and in vivo validation.

Indexed as

Antiviral AgentsBee VenomsWest Nile virusAnimalsChlorocebus aethiopsEmulsionsMolecular Docking SimulationVero CellsWest Nile FeverAntiviral AgentsBee VenomsEmulsionsAntiviralBee venomBee venom nanoemulsionMolecular dockingRT-qPCRVero cell cytotoxicityWest Nile virus

Identifiers

PMID42448744
PMCPMC13369721

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.