Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42449828›Full record

ReviewDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Emerging Multimodal Point-of-Care Diagnostic Strategies for Rapid Detection and Management of Respiratory Viruses: A State-of-the-Art Review.

Helal F Hetta, Abdul Haseeb, Salwa Qasim Bukhari, Zinab Alatawi, Ahmad J Mahrous, Mahmoud E Elrggal, Mohammad Al Masri, Ahmed A Kotb

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Helal F HettaDivision of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-8541-7304
Abdul HaseebDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
Salwa Qasim BukhariDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-8025-5454
Zinab AlatawiDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-8963-8398
Ahmad J MahrousDepartment of Pharmaceutical Practices, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-7140-741X
Mahmoud E ElrggalCollege of Medicine, Al Qunfudah Umm Al-Qura University, Al Qunfudhah 28821, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad Al MasriFaculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19111, Jordan.
Ahmed A KotbDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.ORCID 0009-0007-3368-3994

Funding

Umm al-Qura University 26UQU4310470GSSR02Umm al-Qura University 26UQU4310470GSSR03
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The co-circulation of respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), represents a significant global health challenge that requires rapid, accurate, and differential diagnosis to support infection control and appropriate clinical decision-making. This narrative review summarizes emerging multimodal point-of-care testing (POCT) strategies for the detection and management of these respiratory viruses. Relevant studies were identified through literature searches of major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on recent advances in molecular diagnostics, biosensors, microfluidics, and digital health technologies. To improve clinical interpretation and comparative assessment, current POCT platforms were organized into four operational tiers based on infrastructure dependence, degree of portability, and level of decentralization of testing. Tier 1 (Professional Clinical Systems) includes fully integrated automated molecular diagnostic platforms designed for use in hospital and emergency care settings. Tier 2 (Field-Deployable Systems) comprises portable molecular and isothermal amplification technologies designed for use in decentralized or resource-limited environments. Tier 3 (Hardware-Lite Assays) includes simplified diagnostic approaches that minimize instrument requirements and are suitable for near-patient or low-infrastructure settings. Tier 4 (Consumer-Digital Diagnostics) encompasses emerging smartphone- and IoT-integrated diagnostic platforms that support user-driven testing and digital health connectivity. This tier-based framework reflects a proposed stratification of POCT technologies along a decentralization continuum and aims to facilitate comparison and selection of diagnostic strategies across diverse healthcare settings.

Indexed as

internet-of-things (IoT)isothermal amplificationmolecular diagnosticsmultiplex nucleic acid testingpoint-of-care testing (POCT)resource-limited settingsrespiratory virusessmartphone-based diagnostics

Identifiers

PMID42449828
PMCPMC13359850

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.