Evidence mapPaperPMID 42450252Full record

ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026

Perspective on Lessons Not Learned: From Coley's Toxins to Microbial Drug Delivery, Guidance for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).

Brian P Hanley, Alejandro J Betancourt, Gustavo Gross, Wilbur Bo Bowne

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Brian P HanleyUTRGV Department of Surgery, UTRGV School of Medicine, 1210 W. Schunior St., Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
Alejandro J BetancourtUTRGV Department of Surgery, UTRGV School of Medicine, 1210 W. Schunior St., Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
Gustavo GrossUTRGV Department of Surgery, UTRGV School of Medicine, 1210 W. Schunior St., Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.
Wilbur Bo BowneUTRGV Department of Surgery, UTRGV School of Medicine, 1210 W. Schunior St., Edinburg, TX 78541, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The bacterial and toxin methods of cancer treatment date back 130 years. This paradigm rests on nonspecific bacterial-toxin-generated immunotherapy. This high-risk oncology research is experiencing a renaissance of methods that are among the most effective yet. Glioblastomas and other resistant cancers are the modern touchpoint, because of remission history following sepsis. Spurred by recent research deaths, we discuss protocols IRBs should consider in live bacterial or synthetic immuno-stimulatory trials. Human systemic inflammatory response syndrome immunology is unique due to non-functioning SIGLEC-13 and 17, which control excessive Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signaling. This is not a technicality like human CD8+/CD4+ T cells. SIGLEC-13&17 consequences are profound; humans are ≈330-200,000 times more sensitive to LPS/endotoxin than mice and rats. This human TLR-4 difference also applies to gene therapy and should inform the results from any animal model, including non-human primates. Clinical TLR-4 stimulation takes two forms: bacterial infection and sterile TLR-4 stimulators, and treatments differ. The stereotactic injection of calculated amounts of adjuvants like endotoxin, venoms/components, or synthetic alternatives may be safer than live bacteria. Inadequate planning for risk elements, basic predictive models, and treatments will likely cause death.

Indexed as

Bacterial ToxinsDrug Delivery SystemsImmunotherapyNeoplasmsScorpion VenomsAnimalsHumansToll-Like Receptor 4Bacterial ToxinsScorpion VenomsToll-Like Receptor 4bacterial cancer treatmentbrain neoplasmsbrain tumorsColey’s toxinsgliomainstitutional review boardsepsissepticemiatumors

Identifiers

PMID42450252
PMCPMC13362367

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.