ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Sex differences in resting state EEG spectral power are more prominent than menstrual cycle effects in healthy young adults.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Sex hormones modulate brain function, but their specific effects on neural oscillations remain incompletely understood. This study examined associations between sex hormone concentrations and resting-state EEG spectral power in healthy young adults, comparing women with high versus low estradiol levels assessed during pre-ovulatory and menstrual cycle phases respectively, alongside sex differences between women and men. Methods: We examined resting-state EEG spectral power in 57 healthy adults (26 men, 31 women) using verified hormone measurements. Women were assessed twice across menstrual cycle phases (menstrual and pre-ovulatory), while men were assessed once. Spectral power analysis was performed across seven EEG frequency bands. Statistical comparisons of EEG group differences employed a non-parametric cluster-based permutation framework, using paired and independent-samples Wilcoxon statistics depending on the nature of the comparison. Hormone-EEG associations were assessed separately within each sex: Spearman rank correlations for males and linear mixed-effects models for females, with FDR correction. Results: Sex differences in spectral power were more prominent than differences between the investigated cycle phases, with no significant differences observed between the two female groups. Group-level comparisons revealed widespread sex differences in high-frequency bands predominantly in frontal and central-left regions. Within the male group, no hormone-EEG associations survived FDR correction. Within-female analyses revealed focal associations of estradiol with posterior high gamma power, and of progesterone with theta and high beta power at temporo-frontal and parietal sites. Conclusions: Sex hormones relate to resting-state EEG oscillations through two distinct levels of influence: long-term organizational shaping of cortical architecture, reflected in widespread between-sex differences, and acute receptor-mediated modulation, reflected in focal within-female associations. These findings underscore the importance of considering both sex and hormonal status as fundamental biological variables in electrophysiological research.
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