Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42459648›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026

Regulatory T cells in pregnancy disorders: a multi-dimensional framework for biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.

Ning Zhang, Jun Zhou, Wenxue Ma, Jing Li

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ning ZhangDepartment of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Jun ZhouDepartment of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
Wenxue MaSanford Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
Jing LiDepartment of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Pregnancy represents a unique immunological state in which the maternal immune system must maintain tolerance toward the semi-allogeneic fetus while preserving protective immunity against pathogens. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central to this balance, coordinating immune suppression, tissue remodeling, and vascular adaptation throughout gestation. Increasing evidence implicates Treg dysregulation in pregnancy disorders, including recurrent pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, and spontaneous preterm labor. Notably, pathological alterations extend beyond changes in cell abundance and involve multi-dimensional defects in suppressive function, lineage stability, spatial distribution, and regulatory signaling. Advances in high-dimensional immune profiling, including single-cell, spatial, and multi-omics approaches have revealed substantial heterogeneity in Treg populations at the maternal-fetal interface and enabled identification of immune signatures with diagnostic and prognostic potential. These insights are reshaping biomarker development from static measurements toward functionally and spatially resolved immune profiling. In this review, we propose a stage-specific and multi-dimensional framework for understanding Treg biology in pregnancy and systematically compare Treg alterations across major pregnancy disorders. We further evaluate the translational potential of circulating and decidual Treg signatures as biomarkers and discuss emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune tolerance. Taken together, this framework positions Treg biology as a foundation for biomarker-guided diagnosis and mechanism-based therapeutic interventions in pregnancy complications.

Indexed as

Pregnancy ComplicationsT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryAnimalsBiomarkersFemaleHumansImmune TolerancePregnancyBiomarkersimmune biomarkersimmune tolerancematernal-fetal interfacepregnancy disordersregulatory T cells

Identifiers

PMID42459648
PMCPMC13368492

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.