ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in dMMR-MSI-H colorectal cancer: rationale, progress and prospects.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) with a deficient mismatch repair and high microsatellite instability (dMMR-MSI-H) phenotype represents a biologically distinct subtype characterized by elevated tumor mutational burden and strong immunogenicity. These features contribute to their exceptional responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially those targeting the PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways. Although dMMR-MSI-H tumors constitute only a small fraction of CRC cases, their response to ICIs has redefined therapeutic standards. In this review, we discuss the immunological underpinnings that render these tumors susceptible to immune modulation, summarize key clinical trial findings, and analyze emerging resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we highlight the evolving landscape of predictive biomarkers and ongoing efforts to increase treatment efficacy through combination strategies and biomarker-driven approaches.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.