ArticleArchives of microbiology2026
Enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of PEGylated niosomes co-loaded with nisin and ZnO nanoparticles against VRSA and ceftazidime-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Article in Archives of microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and biofilm-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens, particularly vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ceftazidime-resistant), pose serious healthcare challenges. This study aimed to develop PEGylated niosomes co-loaded with nisin (Nis) and biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (Nio-Nis/ZnO@PEG) to enhance antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy. The formulation was prepared using thin-film hydration followed by PEGylation and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nio-Nis/ZnO@PEG exhibited high encapsulation efficiency, sustained-release kinetics, and good physicochemical stability. Antibacterial activity and anti-biofilm effects were evaluated using standard microbiological assays. The PEGylated formulation showed significantly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)/minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, larger inhibition zones, and sustained bactericidal activity against VRSA and ceftazidime-resistant P. aeruginosa compared to free agents or non-PEGylated niosomes (P < 0.001). Anti-biofilm assays demonstrated > 80% biomass reduction and the lowest minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values across clinical and reference strains. The quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed marked downregulation of all target genes. Cytotoxicity assays using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay confirmed minimal adverse effects on mammalian cells. Overall, PEGylated niosomal co-delivery of Nis and ZnO nanoparticles provides a potent, broad-spectrum, and biocompatible strategy to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and disrupt biofilms, supporting its potential for further in vivo evaluation.
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