Role of phytohormones and nanomaterials in enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stress.

Phytohormones act as key endogenous factors and signaling molecules that mediate abiotic stress responses in plants and are the integration centers of plant responses to environmental stimuli, playing an important role in plant resistance to drought, salt, cold, and other stresses. Stress responses are finely regulated through a complex network of different classes of phytohormone signaling pathways. Many transcription factors are able to regulate the content of endogenous plant hormones by influencing hormone synthesis and metabolic gene and stress-related gene expression, which in turn affects plant growth and development and improves plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Signaling molecules in plant stress responses, such as abscisic acid, ethylene, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid. Their roles in orchestrating plant responses to abiotic stresses. With global climate change, abiotic disasters have become increasingly frequent in recent years, severely hindering crop growth and development. Nanomaterials have attracted widespread attention from researchers because they can significantly alleviate abiotic stress in crops caused by factors such as salinity, drought, flooding, and heavy metals. This paper reviews recent research progress on the use of phytohormones and nanomaterials to alleviate abiotic stress in plants and elaborates on their underlying mechanisms of action. In the future, we will focus on investigating the roles of phytohormones and nanomaterials in modulating plant responses to abiotic stress, thereby enhancing plant tolerance to such stresses and increasing crop yields to address food security challenges.