ArticleThe Pan African medical journal2026
Association between vitamin D levels and depression among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Southern Region of Malaysia.
Article in The Pan African medical journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: depression is a significant public health concern among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide. Vitamin D, essential for brain health, plays a role in neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter synthesis, processes linked to depression. However, few studies have explored the association between vitamin D levels and depression in T2DM patients. Methods: this cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and depression among 330 T2DM patients in Johor, Malaysia. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and categorized as deficient (<30 nmol/L), insufficient (30??50 nmol/L), or sufficient (>50 nmol/L). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results: the prevalence of depression was 35.5%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that depression was significantly associated with older age (>60 years) (adjusted OR 2.04, 95% CI: 1.23-3.38), vitamin D deficiency (adjusted OR 4.24, 95% CI: 1.99-8.03), vitamin D insufficiency (adjusted OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.19-2.71), and the use of both oral and injection medications (adjusted OR 1.86, 95% CI: 1.05-3.31). Conclusion: ensuring adequate vitamin D levels, particularly in elderly T2DM patients, may reduce the risk of depression, emphasizing the importance of integrated and holistic management strategies. Keywords: Vitamin D, depression, diabetes, mental health, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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