ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2026
Associations of Midlife Vascular Risk Factors With Late-Life Depressive Symptoms: Findings From the ARIC Study.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe impact of midlife vascular health, which is strongly linked with other aspects of brain health, on late-life depression is not well understood. We examined the associations of midlife vascular risk factors (VRFs), and the burden of these factors, with late-life depressive symptoms (LLDSs).
methodsIndividuals from the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study, a population-based prospective study, were evaluated with 5 in-person visits from 1987 to 1989 (visit 1) through 2011 to 2013 (visit 5). Presence of midlife VRFs at visit 1 (smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia) or midlife VRF burden (0, 1, 2, or ≥3 VRFs) were evaluated. LLDSs were defined by a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score ≥9 at visit 5. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, race-center, apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier status, and education.
resultsAmong 6198 participants, at midlife (median age, 51 years; 59% women; 22% Black individuals), 20.2% had 0 VRFs, 41.3% had 1, 27.2% had 2, and 11.3% had ≥3 VRFs. In a combined model, midlife smoking (odds ratio [OR], 1.68 [95% CI, 1.33-2.13]), diabetes (OR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.00-2.00]), hypertension (OR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.03-1.62]), and obesity (OR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.21-1.90]) were each independently associated with LLDSs. Compared with individuals with 0 VRFs in midlife, individuals with 2 (OR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.21-2.36]) or ≥3 (OR, 2.34 [95% CI, 1.62-3.40]) VRFs had greater odds of LLDSs.
conclusionsMidlife VRFs, and the burden of these factors, were associated with LLDS. Midlife vascular health may be a potential target for prevention of depression in later life.
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