Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42469185›Full record

ArticleACS nano2026

Pulmonary Delivery of Self-Amplifying RNA: Balancing Inflammation and Durable Transgene Expression.

Qing Sun, Xiaole Cui, Haitao Li, Pieter Vervaeke, Stefan Lienenklaus, Oriane Gillon, Elisabeth De Sutter, Charlotte Helsmoortel, Bert Devriendt, Janne Snoeck and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in ACS nano, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Qing SunLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.ORCID 0009-0008-2669-6241
Xiaole CuiLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Haitao LiDepartment of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Pieter VervaekeLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Stefan LienenklausInstitute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover30625, Germany.
Oriane GillonLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Elisabeth De SutterLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Charlotte HelsmoortelDepartment of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Bert DevriendtDepartment of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Janne SnoeckLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.
Niek N SandersLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, MerelbekeB-9820, Belgium.ORCID 0000-0003-4585-0343

Funding

Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds BOF24/CDV/055Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds BOF.24Y.2020.0010.01Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds BOF.BAS.2018.0028.01Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds BOF. CDV.2024.0044.01Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds BOF. CDV.2025.0065.01China Scholarship Council 202107650043China Scholarship Council 202108320053China Scholarship Council 202308320097Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek 1172123NFonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek G0A8922NH2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions 101120126Industrieel Onderzoeksfonds F2021/IOF-Equip/034
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) is emerging as a leading platform for both vaccination and gene therapy. However, saRNA and the lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) used for their delivery activate the innate immune system, which may complicate pulmonary delivery of saRNA-LNPs. In this study, we demonstrated that intratracheal administration of saRNA-LNPs can cause significant side effects that can be linked to innate immune cell recruitment and cytokine release in the lungs. However, through systematic optimization of the LNP formulation and the saRNA dose, we could restrict the inflammation in the lungs to an acceptable level. With these optimized saRNA-LNPs, high levels of transgene expression were achieved in the lungs of mice that lasted for at least 21 days. Moreover, intratracheal delivery of optimized saRNA-LNPs encoding SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies resulted in detectable nanobody levels in the lungs.

Indexed as

LungRNA, MessengerTransgenesAnimalsCOVID-19FemaleHumansInflammationLipidsLiposomesMiceNanoparticlesSARS-CoV-2Lipid NanoparticlesLipidsLiposomesRNA, Messengerlipid nanoparticleslung inflammationpulmonary deliveryself-amplifying mRNAtherapeutic application

Identifiers

PMID42469185
PMCPMC13450450

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.