Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42469414›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Associations between physical activity and physical fitness in preschool children: gender and age differences.

Kang Zhu, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez, Youzhi Ke, Yangyang Shen, Zhenwen Xie, Yang Liu

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Kang ZhuSchool of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Cristina Cadenas-SanchezDepartment of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Youzhi KeSchool of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Yangyang ShenSchool of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Zhenwen XieSchool of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Yang LiuSchool of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China. docliuyang@hotmail.com.

Funding

Key Project of the National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of China 25&ZD251National Key Research and Development Program of China 2023YFC3305801Shanghai Oriental Talents Program BJJY2025044
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study examined gender and age differences in the association between physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) among preschool children. A total of 425 children participated in the study. PF was assessed using the PREFIT battery, and PA was measured using accelerometers. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed. The results showed that vigorous PA (VPA) was positively associated with lower-limb strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in boys and girls, and was associated with shorter shuttle run times in girls (all p < 0.05). At age three, only light PA (LPA) was positively associated with upper-limb strength (p = 0.033); at age four, moderate PA (MPA) was positively associated with lower-limb strength (p = 0.029); at age five, VPA was associated with muscle strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and shorter shuttle run times, while MPA was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (all p < 0.05); at age six, MPA was associated with shorter shuttle run times, while LPA was associated with longer shuttle run times (all p < 0.05). The association between PA and PF among preschool children varies by gender and age. These findings may help inform the design of age- and sex-specific PA programs.

Indexed as

Cardiorespiratory FitnessExercisePhysical FitnessAccelerometryAge FactorsChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansMaleMuscle StrengthSex FactorsAgeAssociationGenderPhysical activityPhysical fitnessPreschool children

Identifiers

PMID42469414

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.