ArticlePsychophysiology2026
Preserving Harmonic Structure in FPVS-Oddball: A Two-Dimensional Cluster-Based Permutation Approach.
Article in Psychophysiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The fast periodic visual stimulation oddball paradigm (FPVS-oddball), which combines multi-input frequency tagging with an oddball design, is a powerful electroencephalography (EEG) technique for probing cognitive function. Traditionally, FPVS-oddball analysis collapses steady-state responses across harmonics into composite measures, which improves response detection but discards valuable information about the harmonic composition of responses. Here, we apply a two-dimensional (sensor × harmonic) permutation test, incorporating a novel free harmonic clustering procedure that allows clustering across sensors and harmonics, thereby preserving harmonic-related information. Using datasets on object recognition (real vs. pseudo-objects) and line orientation discrimination, we show that the two-dimensional approach detects condition-specific differences in the spatial and harmonic distribution of responses that are missed by a one-dimensional (sensor-only) test of composite responses. For object recognition, real objects elicited stronger left- and right-lateralised oddball responses at higher harmonics, consistent with additional semantic processing. For orientation discrimination, large versus small deviations elicited distinct harmonic-specific activation patterns, reflecting qualitatively different processing. These results demonstrate that two-dimensional cluster-based permutation testing provides sensitivity to the spatial and harmonic distribution of FPVS-oddball responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.