ArticleRice (New York, N.Y.)2026
OsPAL2;1 and OsPAL2;3 are Key Regulators of Phenolic Acid to Modulate Allelopathy and Rhizosphere Microbiome in Rice.
Article in Rice (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) is encoded by a multigene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.), and its transcriptional abundance is tightly coupled with allelopathic potential. Rice chromosome 2 harbors a tandemly duplicated cluster of four OsPAL paralogs: OsPAL2;1, OsPAL2;2, OsPAL2;3, and OsPAL2;4. To dissect their precise roles in regulating allelopathy, this study generated independent overexpression lines for each OsPAL gene in both the allelopathic rice genotype 'PI312777' and the non-allelopathic cultivar 'Lemont'. Overexpression of individual OsPAL genes significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of root exudates on barnyardgrass growth, with OsPAL2;1 and OsPAL2;3 exhibiting the most pronounced weed-suppressive phenotypes. Mechanistically, OsPAL overexpression drove distinct tissue-specific metabolic alterations: in transgenic 'PI312777', concentrations of protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, and cinnamic acid significantly accumulated in both roots and leaves; conversely, 'Lemont' overexpression lines displayed selective increases in protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and cinnamic acid. Beyond direct allelochemical mediation, OsPAL overexpression reshaped the rhizosphere microbiome. Transgenic 'PI312777' lines displayed reduced alpha diversity and species richness within the root-associated bacterial community. Most strikingly, OsPAL2;1 and OsPAL2;3 overexpression lines showed a marked enrichment of Flavisolibacter, Ohtaekwangia, Lysobacter, and Myxococcota. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that OsPAL2;1 and OsPAL2;3 emerge as prime candidates for engineering next-generation rice varieties with enhanced natural weed-suppressive capacity through integrated metabolic and microbiome engineering.
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