ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
The microbiota-metabolite-immune axis in the olfactory cleft microenvironment: mechanisms and therapeutic implications for dysbiosis-driven olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis is the leading cause of olfactory dysfunction in adults. Although mechanical obstruction and type 2 inflammation remain important explanations for smell loss in chronic rhinosinusitis, emerging multi-omics studies suggest that disruption of the olfactory cleft microenvironment may also contribute to olfactory dysfunction. In this review, we propose the microbiota-metabolite-immune (MMI) axis as an integrative framework linking microbial dysbiosis, metabolite perturbation, and local immune remodeling in CRS-associated olfactory dysfunction. We systematically examine four interconnected domains. First, several studies have reported dysbiosis within the olfactory niche, including enrichment of
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