ReviewPakistan journal of medical sciences2026
Impact of pulmonary hypertension on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A meta-analysis.
Review in Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Objective: To systematically evaluate the association between pulmonary hypertension (PH) and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to January 28, 2026 for observational studies comparing preterm infants with BPD with and without PH and reporting neurodevelopmental outcomes assessed beyond 12 months of corrected age. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for continuous outcomes (cognitive, language, and motor scores; standardized mean difference [SMD]) and dichotomous adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (odds ratio [OR]). Results: Seven studies were included. Four studies contributed continuous outcome data. PH was associated with significantly lower cognitive (SMD -0.47, 95% CI -0.81 to -0.14), language (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.05), and motor scores (SMD -0.50, 95% CI -0.73 to -0.28). Heterogeneity for continuous outcomes was low (I² = 0%). Five studies provided extractable dichotomous data, demonstrating that PH was associated with a higher risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.57-4.98), with moderate heterogeneity (I² = 48.8%). Conclusions: PH in preterm infants with BPD may be associated with poorer long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Further studies are needed to improve the evidence.
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