ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
Emergence of new resistances to
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Codling moth resistance to the granulosis virus CpGV, a widely adopted biological control agent in apple orchards poses a significant challenge for growers. Since the first report of Type I resistance to the CpGV-M in Europe (2005), a monitoring system was set up in France to track resistance evolution and anticipate emergence to new viral variants. Methods: This study presents the results of 12 years of bioassay based monitoring of resistance to three commercially available CpGV isolates (CpGV-M, CpGV-V15 and CpGV-R5), representative of the virus genetic diversity. Results: Among 193 wild codling moth populations tested, 62.3% carried a significant number of individuals resistant to CpGV-M, 37.0% to CpGV-V15 and 13.3% to CpGV-R5. Despite mitigation recommendations implemented since the first detection of type I resistance, the prevalence of CpGV-M resistance has not declined over time. Similarly, resistance to CpGV-M + CpGV-V15 (Type IV) and CpGV-M + CpGV-V15 + CpGV-R5 (Type V) seems to be fairly stable in frequency from one year to the next. Populations carrying type I resistance have been detected in all French production basins and in northern Italy, while type IV and V resistances are localized to northwestern France and northern Italy. Discussion: The emergence of these resistances types underscore the urgency of revising deployment strategies for new granulovirus-based products. Effective solutions will require elucidating the underlying resistance mechanisms to inform countermeasures.
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