ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
TLR25 is endosomally located and responds to
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Atlantic cod possess a unique immune system due to the loss of the MHC II antigen-presenting system and an extreme expansion of the MHC class I repertoire. Additional modifications are demonstrated within the innate immune system with losses and expansions of Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes. While Atlantic cod has lost its mammalian orthologs for plasma membrane localized TLRs, such as TLR1/6 and TLR2, it has expanded its intracellular TLRs including TLR7, -8, and -9. It has been hypothesized that teleost-specific TLR1-family related members TLR14 and TLR25 localize at the plasma membrane with the potential function to recognize bacterial surface components, compensating for the loss of cell surface TLRs. In this study, we have investigated the intracellular localization and function of Atlantic cod TLR14 and TLR25 using super-resolution microscopy in an Atlantic cod cell line and primary cells. Our results show that these TLRs localize to endolysosomes, and colocalize with LysoTracker, Rab5, and Rab7. Interestingly, TLR14 is also present at the plasma membrane, suggesting a function at the cell surface. In cells infected with
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