ArticlePloS one2026
Behavioural and emotional assessment of Malaysian adolescent boys with congenital colour vision deficiency and its association with socioeconomic factors.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Congenital colour vision deficiency (CCVD) is associated with challenges in daily functioning and social interactions, yet its behavioural and emotional implications during adolescence remain underexplored. This study aimed to compare behavioural and emotional problems between adolescent boys with CCVD and those with normal colour vision (NCV) and to examine the influence of socioeconomic factors. A school-based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted where 44 boys with CCVD and 44 age- and class-matched NCV controls (aged 13-16 years) were identified through school-based vision screening. Colour vision status was confirmed using the Ishihara and Farnsworth D15 tests. Their parents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL/4-18) to assess Internalising Problems, Externalising Problems, and Total Problems, as well as narrow-band syndromes. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney U tests and chi-square analyses. Adolescents with CCVD scored significantly higher on most CBCL/4-18 narrow-band scales (Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Behaviour, Aggressive Behaviour), broad-band scales (Internalising Problems and Externalising Problems), and Total Problems (all q < 0.05). Attention Problems showed the strongest association with CCVD status. Categorical analysis revealed that CCVD status was significantly associated with classification in the Borderline Clinical/Clinical range for Externalising Problems, Attention Problems, Anxious/Depressed, Aggressive Behaviour, and Total Problems. Among boys with CCVD, those whose parents had tertiary education demonstrated higher proportions of behavioural difficulties in the Externalising Problems and Total Problems domains; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small subgroup size. Lower household income was significantly associated with Withdrawn, Anxious/Depressed, Thought Problems, and Aggressive Behaviour scores (all q < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that psychosocial and environmental factors may influence behavioural outcomes in children with CCVD, highlighting the importance of early identification and supportive interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.