Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42494849›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026

Growth, infection, and humoral immunity in children who are HIV exposed and uninfected.

Romeo Djounda, Modeste R Ngamaleu, Awanakam Honore, Moritz Schmiedeberg, Kevine Tchamda, Martial Tsague, Eva Gutenkunst, Jude Bigoga, Rose Leke, Charles Kouanfack and 3 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Romeo DjoundaImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Modeste R NgamaleuImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Awanakam HonoreImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Moritz SchmiedebergHarald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Kevine TchamdaImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Martial TsagueDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Eva GutenkunstHarald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Jude BigogaImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Rose LekeImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Charles KouanfackLaboratory of Fundamental Virology, Centre for Research on Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Micheal BesongImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Krystelle Nganou-MakamdopHarald zur Hausen Institute of Virology, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
Forgu Esemu LivoImmunology Laboratory, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) show greater morbidity and mortality than HIV-unexposed children (HUU). In this study we investigate sex differences in growth, infection rates and antibody response among HEU and HUU infants. Methods: The study enrolled 107 pregnant women with HIV and 103 pregnant women without HIV with follow-up of their infants from birth to 12 months of age. Study measures assessed included growth parameters, the prevalence of children with overt disease symptoms as reported by the mother, PCR-based assessment of infections (cytomegalovirus (CMV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza A & B, rotavirus and malaria) as well as antibody profile to CMV, RSV and enterovirus infections. Results: Compared to male HUU, male HEU infants had higher stunting at month 3 (0% vs 17.4%; P = 0.01) and month 12 (12.5% vs 38.9%; P = 0.03). Additionally, they showed transiently lower Weight-for-age-z-scores at 3 months (1.07 vs 0.05, P = 0.04), with higher risk of rhinorrhea (RR = 2.29, P = 0.02) and lower enterovirus titers at birth (P = 0.0066). Female HEU showed transiently higher stunting at 6 months (0% vs 21%; P = 0.01) and lower CMV viremia at 6 months, with elevated CMV antibody titers at 3 months (P = 0.04) compared to female HUU. With prevalence ranging from 25%-61%, CMV and Rhinovirus infections were dominant in all groups. HEU and HUU exhibited similar antibody decay and acquisition patterns for CMV, RSV, and Enterovirus. Conclusion: Overall, HEU and HUU infants showed similar growth, infection and humoral immune profiles. However, exploratory analyses identified transient sex-specific differences, with male HEU infants displaying poorer growth trajectories and selected infection-related vulnerabilities, highlighting the need for larger studies to clarify sex-dependent effects of

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsImmunity, HumoralVirus DiseasesAdultAntibodies, ViralFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMalePregnancyPregnancy Complications, InfectiousSex FactorsAntibodies, ViralgrowthHEUhumoral immunityinfectionsex

Identifiers

PMID42494849
PMCPMC13391899

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.