ReviewInternational journal of molecular medicine2026
Gut‑bone metabolites: SCFAs, polyamines and microbial metabolomics in osteoporosis risk and therapy (Review).
Review in International journal of molecular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP), a major global skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk, is increasingly understood through the lens of the gut‑bone axis. The present review critically synthesizes mechanistic and translational evidence for two classes of gut microbial metabolites short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyamines, as active regulators of bone remodeling. SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) suppress osteoclastogenesis via the TRAF6/NFATc1 pathway, promote osteoblast differentiation through GPR43/GPR109A signaling and histone deacetylase inhibition, and expand immuno‑protective regulatory T cells in the bone marrow. Microbial polyamines (spermidine, spermine and putrescine) promote osteogenesis by upregulating Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase and inhibit osteoclastogenesis through suppression of the Ca²
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