Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42496898›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society2026

Trauma stabilization points in armed conflict: operational evolution and strategic reflections from mosul to Gaza.

Caviglia Marta, Pigozzi Luca, Hsiao Kai-Hsun, Abdel-Fattah Areej, Gargavanis Athanasios, El Ghoul Wessam, Zimmerman Jonas, von Schreeb Johan, Ragazzoni Luca, Salio Flavio

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Caviglia Marta *CRIMEDIM - Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Lanino 1, 28100, Novara, Italy. marta.caviglia@med.uniupo.it.
Pigozzi Luca *World Health Organization Office for Occupied Palestinian territory, Gaza, Palestinian Territory, Palestinian Territory.
Hsiao Kai-HsunWorld Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Abdel-Fattah AreejCRIMEDIM - Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Lanino 1, 28100, Novara, Italy.
Gargavanis AthanasiosDepartment for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy.
El Ghoul WessamDepartment of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Zimmerman JonasWorld Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt.
von Schreeb JohanDepartment of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ragazzoni Luca *CRIMEDIM - Center for Research and Training in Disaster Medicine, Humanitarian Aid and Global Health, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Lanino 1, 28100, Novara, Italy.
Salio Flavio *World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundForward trauma care remains a critical gap in emergency responses to armed conflict, particularly where conventional medical evacuation is disrupted. Trauma Stabilization Points (TSPs) were introduced in previous conflicts to bring life-saving care closer to the point of injury. To improve standards and adaptability, the World Health Organization convened a Technical Working Group to develop operational guidance for TSPs, drawing on diverse field experiences, including the ongoing Gaza deployments. CASE PRESENTATION: Between February and July 2024, three TSPs were established in Gaza, managing over 4,000 consultations. Initially focused on trauma stabilization and referral, these sites quickly adapted to minor injuries and non-traumatic conditions, reflecting population needs and access challenges. Referral rates varied across sites due to hospital proximity, ambulance availability, and shifting frontlines. Security threats limited forward deployment and safe patient access, requiring high mobility and rapid relocation. Experience from Gaza highlighted key operational principles: locating TSPs near the point of injury; integrating within a functioning trauma referral pathway supported by evacuation capacity and hospital readiness; maintaining clear clinical functions and staffing standards; and using standardized documentation for quality assurance and continuity. Lessons from Gaza aligned with those from other conflict zones, emphasizing challenges such as insecurity, fragmented oversight, and disrupted referral systems. The guidance recognizes the need for adaptable models that balance mobility with advanced interventions, including damage control resuscitation in austere settings.

conclusionsThe Gaza experience, together with lessons from other conflict settings, is shaping the development of flexible, context-sensitive operational guidance for TSPs. This guidance aims to support emergency care actors and national authorities in determining when and how to deploy TSPs in complex emergencies, balancing core trauma functions with the realities of modern warfare.

Indexed as

Armed ConflictsEmergency Medical ServicesWounds and InjuriesHumansMiddle EastReferral and Consultation

Identifiers

PMID42496898
PMCPMC13400576

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.