ArticleJournal of neuro-oncology2026
Clinicopathological factors associated with brain metastases development among breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Article in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBrain metastases (BrM) are a major cause of morbidity among patients with breast cancer (BC), particularly those with HER2+ or triple-negative disease. The relationship between neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and subsequent risk of BrM in patients with early-stage BC remains poorly defined.
methodsWe conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study of 457 consecutive patients who were treated with NAC for early-stage BC at Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre between 2008 to 2019, among whom 25 developed BrM (cohort 1). To evaluate factors associated with shorter time to BrM development, an additional 129 patients with BC who received NAC and were subsequently diagnosed with BrM were identified (cohort 2). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient and treatment characteristics. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and identify factors associated with the development of BrM. Univariable analyses (UVA) were performed for all covariates. Bayesian Information Criteria determined best models from subsets of covariates when performing multivariable analyses (MVA).
resultsAmong 586 patients, the median age at BC diagnosis was 49.0 (IQR: 42-58) years. The most common BC subtype was HER2+ (n = 225, 38.4%), followed by hormone receptor (HR)+/HER2- (n = 213, 36.3%) and triple negative BC (n = 132, 22.5%). Following NAC, 134 patients (22.9%) had a pathologic complete response (pCR) and 409 (69.8%) had residual disease. In the overall cohort, the median time from BC diagnosis to BrM development was 38.0 (IQR 19.1-70.9) months. In cohort 1, 25 patients (5.5%) developed BrM with a median follow-up of 43.1 months. Median time to BrM was shortest for patients with triple-negative BC (18.0 months), followed by those with HER2+ (32.0 months), and HR+/HER2- disease (49.1 months). In the pooled cohort (n=586), multivariable analysis identified residual nodal involvement (HR 4.46 [95% CI 2.67-7.45], p<0.0001), inflammatory BC (HR 3.11 [95% CI 1.95-4.96], p<0.0001), and HER2+ or triple-negative subtype (HR 2.87 [95% CI 1.80-4.58], p<0.0001) as independently associated with shorter time to BrM development.
conclusionsAmong patients treated with NAC for early-stage BC, residual nodal disease, inflammatory BC, and HER2+ or triple-negative subtype are associated with a higher risk of BrM development. Whether BrM screening is warranted among patients with these high-risk features warrants evaluation. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42496928What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.