ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2026
Combinations of long terminal repeat and tax protein substitutions influence bovine leukemia virus transmission through altered viral productivity.
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection imposes a substantial economic burden on the global cattle industry. Although proviral load (PVL) in blood influences transmission, the effects of viral genetic variations, including the high viral production-associated long terminal repeat (LTR) substitution at nucleotide position 175 (LTR175), on herd-level dynamics remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of specific substitutions on the regulation of viral productivity and transmission. Longitudinal monitoring of a single farm (herd size: 50-68 cows; 438 samples collected) over a 7-year period revealed that viral strains carrying cytosine at LTR175 (LTR175C) significantly increased in frequency, becoming dominant over wild-type strains carrying thymidine. In contrast, amino acid substitutions in the Tax protein at positions 69 (Tax69) and 73 (Tax73) modified viral transactivation independent of LTR175. Structural modeling via AlphaFold2 predicted that Tax69 and Tax73 mutations alter protein properties, suggesting modulation of transactivation activity. Consistent with this prediction, IMPORTANCE: Controlling the spread of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) remains a major challenge for the livestock industry. This study identifies viral genetic mechanisms that enable certain strains to spread more efficiently than others. By integrating
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