ReviewBiomolecules2026
Metabolic Reprogramming and Neurotransmitter Signaling Co-Option in the Glioma Immune Microenvironment: Dual-Axis Regulation of Immunosuppression.
Review in Biomolecules, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Glioma, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), is characterized by a strongly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that limits durable therapeutic responses. This review examines two interacting regulatory aspects of this microenvironment: metabolic reprogramming and neurotransmitter signaling co-option. Metabolic reprogramming is characterized by Warburg-type aerobic glycolysis, lactate accumulation, nutrient competition, and epigenetic lactylation, which generate an acidic and metabolically restrictive niche that impairs cytotoxic immune populations. In parallel, neurotransmitter signaling co-option, particularly through glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways, can influence neuron-glioma communication, microglial/macrophage phenotypes, and selected lymphocyte functions. As direct evidence for bidirectional interactions between metabolic reprogramming and neurotransmitter signaling in glioma remains incomplete, this relationship is presented as a working neurometabolic framework rather than a fully resolved mechanism. Lactate-driven immunometabolic suppression and glutamatergic neuron-glioma signaling currently have the strongest support from glioma-specific studies, whereas some GABAergic, serotonergic, and macrophage-metabolic mechanisms remain emerging or context-dependent. The review also considers how mechanism-guided patient stratification, metabolically optimized immunotherapy and mechanism-based combination strategies targeting defined metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways may help restore antitumor immune competence within the glioma microenvironment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.