ArticleBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2026
The Moderating Role of Virtual Arm Embodiment for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients with Proprioceptive Deficit: A Pilot Study.
Article in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and a major cause of long-term disability. These deficits may alter the body representation of the affected limb. Recent evidence suggests that Virtual Reality (VR), particularly when integrating body illusion paradigms, may enhance neuroplasticity and improve motor and proprioceptive abilities after stroke. This study investigated the effectiveness of a VR-based rehabilitation program for upper-limb motor and proprioceptive deficits. Participants were adults (both sexes) aged 18-85 years with ischemic or haemorrhagic stroke occurring from 2 to 18 months before recruitment, moderate to severe upper limb motor impairment (Motricity Index ≤ 80), altered proprioceptive function of the affected limb (failure on 3 of 4 Thumb Location Test trials), and the ability to understand and provide written informed consent. Eligible participants were undergoing a 4-week VR rehabilitation program and assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Twelve patients (four female) participated in this pilot study (Mage = 52.08, SDage = 16.03), with a mean time since stroke of 12 months. Non-parametric analyses showed significant improvements in motor abilities, including the Motricity Index (shoulder
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