ReviewBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Nanoparticle-Enabled Modulation of the Bone Immune Microenvironment for Enhanced Regeneration.
Review in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bone regeneration is governed by a tightly coordinated interplay between skeletal cells, immune cells, vascular components, and signaling networks within a dynamic microenvironment. Increasing evidence from osteoimmunology demonstrates that immune regulation is not merely supportive but mechanistically determinative of regenerative outcomes. Dysregulated or persistent inflammation can impair osteogenesis, whereas timely immune resolution promotes angiogenesis and matrix deposition. In this context, nanotechnology has enabled the development of nanoparticles (NPs) that function not only as delivery vehicles but also as active modulators of the bone immune microenvironment. Immunomodulatory NPs can be engineered to deliver bioactive agents, regulate cytokine networks, and influence immune cell phenotypes, particularly macrophage polarization, at defined stages of healing. Through tailored surface chemistry, targeting ligands, and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms, NPs can achieve spatially localized and temporally controlled modulation of inflammatory and reparative phases, thereby enhancing osteogenesis and vascular integration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of organic, inorganic, and hybrid NP platforms applied to bone regeneration, with emphasis on their mechanisms of immune modulation, strategies for cell-specific targeting, and approaches for sequential regulation of inflammatory resolution and tissue repair. By integrating advances in materials science and immunology, NP-enabled platforms have the potential to transform bone regeneration from passive structural repair into precision immune-guided healing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.