ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026
Integrated Biomarker Assessment for Prognosis in Canine Mammary Carcinomas: Complementary Roles of Serum CA 15-3 and Immunohistochemistry Ki-67, and COX-2.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
CMTs are biologically heterogeneous neoplasms for which reliable prognostic biomarkers remain limited. This study investigated the clinical significance of serum cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in CMTs. Fifty-four female dogs with histologically confirmed CMTs and twelve healthy controls were prospectively evaluated. Serum CA 15-3 concentrations were measured before surgery and at 21 and 90 days post-mastectomy, while Ki-67 and COX-2 expression were assessed in tumor tissues. CA 15-3 was undetectable in controls and significantly higher in malignant than benign neoplasms (
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