The Transepithelial Transport and Transport Pathways of Free and Bound Nε-Carboxymethyllysine Using a Caco-2 Cell Monolayer Model.

Xiaojin Yuan, Chenxi Nie, Ruohan Zhai, Aobai Tu, Xinyu Cao, Li Zhang, Juxiu Li

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Xiaojin YuanCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.

Chenxi NieCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Ruohan ZhaiCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Aobai TuCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Xinyu CaoCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Li ZhangCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.

Juxiu LiCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.

Funding

Key Research and Development Program Project of the Xizang Autonomous Region XZ202502ZY0001-06Scientific Startup Foundation for Doctors of Gansu Agricultural University GAU-KYQD-2024-27Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team 2022TD-15Study of Key Factors and Control Techniques Affecting the Formation of Maillard Reaction Products in Sheep Milk Powder 2024NC-YBXM-157Youth Science and Technology Fund of Gansu Province 26JRRA651

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

As a typical marker of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs), Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) exists in both free and protein-bound forms in foods, exhibiting distinct intestinal transport behaviors. This study aimed to characterize the transepithelial transport, intracellular accumulation and transport pathways of free CML (FC) and protein-bound CML (BC, BSA-CML) using Caco-2 cell monolayers. Since protein-bound CML undergoes digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, BC was subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion before transport experiments to better mimic human digestion (BC digests). The results showed that FC exhibited significantly greater transepithelial transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers than BC digests. The transport rate of CML from FC across Caco-2 cell monolayers was 13.04%, significantly higher than that of BC digests (0.99%). Consistently, the intracellular accumulation of total CML was higher for FC (2.62%) than for BC digests (0.14%). Furthermore, FC transport appeared to occur mainly via simple diffusion, whereas the transepithelial transport of CML derived from BC digests likely involved a peptide transporter 1 (PepT1)-associated transport pathway. These findings provide insights into the transepithelial transport pathways and intracellular accumulation of dietary free and bound AGEs.

Indexed as

advanced glycation end productsCaco-2 cell monolayersNε-carboxymethyllysinetransport pathwaytransport rate

Identifiers

PMID42511179

DOI10.3390/foods15142432

PMCPMC13408533

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.