ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2026
Age-Metabolic Profile of Lower Serum Estradiol Among Women in Kazakhstan: A Large National Survey-Based Analytical Study.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Serum estradiol is a central biomarker of female reproductive biology and is also linked to bone, metabolic, and cardiovascular health. Population-level data on estradiol distribution among women in Kazakhstan remain limited, and it is unclear whether lower estradiol categories in national survey data reflect geographic clustering or individual age-metabolic composition. We performed a secondary analysis of a large national survey-based analytical sample from Kazakhstan using the WHO STEPS framework. The analytical sample included 3498 women aged 18-69 years with available serum estradiol measurements and core covariate data. The primary binary outcome was a lower-tail estradiol category defined as E2 < 200 pmol/L, corresponding approximately to the empirical lower quartile of the analytical female subsample. Descriptive statistics, age-specific quartile summaries, multivariable logistic regression, continuous-outcome regression for ln(E2), nonlinearity diagnostics, and regional heterogeneity analyses were used. Median serum estradiol was 313.00 pmol/L (interquartile range 207.25-457.00). In unweighted and unadjusted analytical-sample comparisons, there was little evidence of regional heterogeneity in estradiol distribution (ANOVA
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