ReviewPharmaceutics2026
Multidimensional Modification and Functional Optimization of Melittin: From Natural Toxic Peptide to Safe and Effective Therapeutics.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Melittin, a cationic amphipathic 26-residue peptide from bee venom, displays broad-spectrum antibacterial, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities, yet severe hemolysis, poor cell selectivity, rapid plasma degradation and high immunogenicity hinder its clinical translation. Structural modification is a vital strategy to overcome its druggability limitations. This review systematically summarizes three mainstream modification approaches of melittin: sequence remodeling, chemical derivatization and conjugate engineering. We illustrate how these strategies tune melittin's conformation, charge and amphiphilicity to lower toxicity and immunogenicity, improve in vivo stability, and enable targeted stimulus-responsive delivery, while unraveling its core functional sites and mechanisms. Current research gaps and future directions including combined modification, multifunctional intelligent conjugates, preclinical safety assessment and scaled production optimization are discussed, providing theoretical support for developing safe, effective melittin-based therapeutics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.