ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Wearable IMU-Derived Kinematic Reference Profiles of Lower-Limb Kick and Wipe Gestures for Contactless Automotive Tailgate Activation.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Contactless automotive tailgate activation relies on recognizing intentional lower-limb gestures near the rear bumper, yet these systems are developed and evaluated from sensor-specific recordings rather than from the underlying human movement, so quantitative, sensor-independent kinematic reference profiles for these gestures are lacking. This study establishes wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU)-derived reference profiles of two tailgate-activation gestures: a forward kick and a lateral wipe. Lower-body motion was recorded in 56 adult participants using a seven-sensor Xsens Awinda configuration under application-oriented conditions, yielding 6879 segmented movements. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the most extensive of such datasets, providing a sensor-independent, joint- and segment-level movement reference. Both gestures shared a common sagittal structure dominated by knee, ankle, and hip flexion/extension, with mean knee flexion/extension of 45.9∘ for kick and 42.3∘ for wipe movements. Wipe gestures differed through markedly larger non-sagittal components, with hip abduction/adduction of 17.2∘ versus 7.7∘ and ankle internal/external rotation of 16.6∘ versus 8.7∘, confirmed in every participant (p<0.001). Foot-segment kinematics showed the highest velocities, with a mean resultant foot velocity of approximately 1.8m/s. These profiles provide a quantitative biomechanical basis for benchmarking gesture-recognition sensor systems, informing detection-window and threshold selection, and enabling standardized, repeatable testing of contactless automotive HMI systems.
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