ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Targeting the Barriers Driving Immune Exclusion.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune exclusion refers to the phenomenon in which immune cells are restricted to the peritumoral stroma. This phenomenon arises from complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that limit immune cell infiltration. Consequently, immune exclusion represents a major barrier to effective antitumor immunity and a key obstacle to the success of immunotherapy. The principal components of the TME that orchestrate immune exclusion are (i) the tumor vasculature, (ii) the extracellular matrix (ECM), and (iii) stromal cells and their chemokine-mediated signaling. Understanding immune exclusion is critical for designing therapies that enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy and improve clinical outcomes. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying immune exclusion and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at overcoming this phenomenon.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.