ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Immune Regulation and the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) representing the most common subtype. Despite major advances in immunotherapy, only a subset of patients benefits from current treatments, highlighting the need to better understand the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and the mechanisms underlying immune escape. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key mediators of intercellular communication in lung cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of EVs in NSCLC progression and immune regulation. We discuss how EVs contribute to primary tumor growth, dissemination, and pre-metastatic niche formation through the transfer of proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids. Particular attention is given to EV-mediated modulation of immune cells, highlighting their role in both immune suppression and immune activation. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the emerging therapeutic applications of EVs in lung cancer, including their use as drug-delivery systems and immunotherapeutic platforms.
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Registered trials
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