Evidence mapPaperPMID 42516458Full record

ReviewCureus2026

Integrated Management Strategies for Hypertension and Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Systematic Review.

Naresh Sen, Santosh Mohanlal Modani, Ruchu Kuthiala, Aayushi Sandipkumar Patel, Hairya Ajaykumar Lakhani, Pranjal Upadhayay

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Naresh SenDepartment of Cardiology, Rama Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur, IND.
Santosh Mohanlal ModaniDepartment of Cardiology, Dr. Santosh Cardiac Care Centre, Warangal, IND.
Ruchu KuthialaNutrition and Psychology, School of Science, PCET's Pimpri Chinchwad University, Pune, IND.
Aayushi Sandipkumar PatelDepartment of Psychiatry, Dr. N. D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, IND.
Hairya Ajaykumar LakhaniDepartment of Internal Medicine, Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute and Research Centre, Vadodara, IND.
Pranjal UpadhayayDepartment of Public Health and Medical Education, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, NPL.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes and hypertension frequently coexist and substantially elevate the risk of cardiovascular complications due to interconnected metabolic and vascular mechanisms. The combined presence of these conditions accelerates atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes, leading to an increased incidence of adverse cardiovascular events. Existing literature primarily emphasizes individual therapeutic interventions, while limited evidence explores the combined impact of pharmacological treatments and system-level strategies in real-world clinical settings. This study evaluates evidence on therapeutic approaches and integrated care models in relation to cardiovascular outcomes among affected populations. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted without meta-analysis, incorporating 10 studies identified through structured database searches, screened according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, and evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale where appropriate. Across the included studies, evidence clustered around three main themes: pharmacological cardioprotection, cardiometabolic risk-factor stability, and integrated care delivery. The findings indicate that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists were associated with more favorable cardiovascular profiles compared to conventional glucose-lowering therapies. Stable glycemic control and reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) variability were consistently associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Hypertension-related findings showed that SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of incident hypertension compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, while multifactorial risk-factor control involving blood pressure, glycemia, lipid parameters, and smoking reduction was associated with fewer cardiovascular events. At the care-delivery level, integrated care frameworks, including HEARTS-aligned approaches, may support healthcare delivery through standardized protocols, multidisciplinary coordination, and continuous monitoring; however, protocol-level HEARTS evidence should be interpreted as implementation-planning evidence rather than proof of improved cardiovascular outcomes. These observations reinforce the importance of adopting a comprehensive, patient-centered approach that integrates both therapeutic advancements and structured healthcare systems for optimal disease management.

Indexed as

cardiovascular diseasediabetes mellitushypertensionintegrated caresglt2 inhibitors

Identifiers

PMID42516458
PMCPMC13403756

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.