Toxicological safety profiling of

Background: The hydroethanolic extract of Objectives: This study aimed to establish a comprehensive preclinical safety profile of BV using Methods: Phytochemical profiling was conducted using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Acute and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity studies were performed in Wistar rats following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. Developmental toxicity was assessed in zebrafish embryos (OECD 236), and Results: LC-MS analysis identified 22 bioactive chemical components. In the acute oral toxicity study, BV administered at 2000 µL/kg caused no mortality or toxicity, indicating an LD₅₀ > 2000 µL/kg. The 28-day repeated-dose study showed no significant alterations in haematological, biochemical, or histological parameters at doses up to 1000 µL/kg/day, establishing a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of ≥ 1000 µL/kg/day. While lower concentrations were safe in zebrafish, high concentrations (4 µL/2 ml) induced developmental abnormalities such as scoliosis and pericardial edema. Computational analysis predicted low-to-moderate toxicity for the majority of phytoconstituents. Conclusion: BV exhibits a wide safety margin in rodent models and is non-toxic at therapeutically relevant doses. However, observed developmental effects in zebrafish suggest caution at high concentrations, supporting the need for adherence to recommended dosages in traditional therapeutic contexts.