Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42520907›Full record

ArticleEnvironmental research2026

Associations between volatile organic compound mixtures and allostatic load: Evidence from the Green Heart Louisville Project.

Cameron K Stopforth, Daniel W Riggs, Rachel J Keith, Pawel Lorkiewicz, Israel D Sithu, Sanjay Srivastava, Aruni Bhatnagar, Clara G Sears

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Environmental research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Cameron K StopforthChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500 S. Preston St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. Electronic address: cameron.stopforth@louisville.edu.
Daniel W RiggsChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
Rachel J KeithChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
Pawel LorkiewiczChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
Israel D SithuChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
Sanjay SrivastavaChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
Aruni BhatnagarChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
Clara G SearsChristina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S. Jackson St, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.

Funding

Research Experience and Training Coordination CoreP42ES023716 · UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE · 2025 to 2025
$4.3M
Urban Greenness and Cardiovascular HealthR01ES029846 · UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE · 2025 to 2025
$928k
UOFL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES TRAINING PROGRAMT32ES011564 · UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE · 2004 to 2025
$693k
Pre- and postnatal chemical mixture exposure, adolescent sleep health, and allostatic loadR01ES035133 · UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE · 2025 to 2025
$420k
NIEHS NIH HHS P30 ES030283NIEHS NIH HHS P42 ES023716NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES029846NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES035133NIEHS NIH HHS T32 ES011564
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Allostatic load (AL) represents the cumulative physiological burden from activation of adaptive response systems. High AL, resulting from multisystemic dysregulation after chronic activation of response systems, is associated with chronic disease risk. Volatile organic compound (VOC) exposure may contribute to this dysregulation, but the impact on AL is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the association between urinary VOC metabolites and AL in 959 adult participants of the Green Heart Louisville Project across four visits (2018 or 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023). We quantified AL using a Mahalanobis Distance-based index (AL-MD) derived from 15 biomarkers spanning cardiovascular, metabolic, immunoinflammatory, and neuroendocrine systems. In spot urine samples, we assessed seven metabolites of six parent VOCs (acrolein (3HPMA), 1,3-butadiene (34HBMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (MCaMA), ethylbenzene/styrene (PGA; MADA), and xylene (2MHA; 3MHA+4MHA)). Quantile-based g-computation was used to estimate the mixture effects on AL adjusting for covariates. A one quartile increase in this VOC metabolite mixture was associated with a 0.10 [0.02, 0.19] standard deviation higher AL-MD score. Effects were more pronounced in middle-aged (40-64 y/o; 0.15 [0.03, 0.26]) and older adults (65+ y/o; 0.14 [-0.06, 0.35]) compared with young adults (25-39 y/o; <0.01 [-0.13, 0.13]). This association was also stronger in males (0.15 [0.01, 0.29]) than females (0.07 [-0.04, 0.18]). Metabolites of acrolein, ethylbenzene/styrene, and xylene were consistent key drivers of physiological dysregulation. These findings suggest that VOC exposure could be a contributor to multisystemic dysregulation, as reflected by higher AL, providing a framework to detect environmental exposure-related subclinical effects linked to higher cardiovascular disease risk.

Indexed as

Air PollutantsEnvironmental ExposureVolatile Organic CompoundsAcroleinBenzene DerivativesBiomarkersButadienesFemaleHumansKentuckyMaleStyreneXylenes1,3-butadieneAcroleinAir PollutantsBenzene DerivativesBiomarkersButadienesethylbenzeneStyreneVolatile Organic CompoundsXylenesAllostatic loadBiomarkersCardiovascular healthMahalanobis distanceMixture analysisVolatile organic compounds

Identifiers

PMID42520907
PMCPMC13463244

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.