Evidence mapPaperPMID 42528484Full record

ArticleBioMed research international2026

Genetic Variants in NOS2 and CCL2 Modulate Risk of Post-COVID-19 Hyperglycemia via Immune-Metabolic Interactions.

Ganyalak Chaimaha, Nipaporn Teerawattanapong, Kaweeraphat Chaithaisong, Tassanee Narkdontri, Suavaluk Songlilitchuwong, Saranya Innang, Sarocha Suthon, Alessia Micieli, Watip Tangjittipokin

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BioMed research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ganyalak ChaimahaGraduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9419-9856
Nipaporn TeerawattanapongSiriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4291-3011
Kaweeraphat ChaithaisongMedical Program, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.
Tassanee NarkdontriSiriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9527-9432
Suavaluk SonglilitchuwongSiriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1071-9772
Saranya InnangSiriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1494-2993
Sarocha SuthonSiriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-4013
Alessia MicieliVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, unisr.it.
Watip TangjittipokinSiriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, mahidol.ac.th.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-8466

Funding

Mahidol University FF-030/2566Royal Government of Thailand
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hyperglycemia has increasingly been recognized among individuals recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); the host factors contributing to heterogeneous metabolic outcomes remain poorly understood. This cohort study investigated the association between innate immune genetic polymorphisms and hyperglycemia in post-COVID-19 patients. A total of 471 adults with previous mild-to-moderate COVID-19 were enrolled through the post-COVID follow-up program at Siriraj Hospital, Thailand, and classified as normoglycemic (HbA1c < 5.7%, n = 252) or hyperglycemic (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%, n = 219). Clinical characteristics, metabolic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, and immunological measurements were collected during follow-up. Genotyping was performed using the Axiom Human Genotyping SARS-CoV-2 Research Array, focusing on candidate polymorphisms in innate immune-related genes. Associations between genetic variants and hyperglycemia were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, body mass index, and underlying comorbidities. Participants with hyperglycemia were significantly older and had higher body mass index, greater prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities, elevated C-reactive protein levels, and higher LDL cholesterol compared with normoglycemic individuals. Significant associations were identified in NOS2 and CCL2. The NOS2 rs4795067 variant was associated with increased odds of hyperglycemia (adjusted OR = 1.770, 95% CI: 1.137-2.756, p = 0.011), whereas rs35051118 showed a protective effect (adjusted OR = 0.613, 95% CI: 0.386-0.975, p = 0.039). In CCL2, rs28730833 was strongly associated with hyperglycemia (adjusted OR = 2.977, 95% CI: 1.349-6.572, p = 0.007). These findings suggest that innate immune genetic variation may contribute to hyperglycemia in post-COVID-19 patients, although independent validation is required.

Indexed as

Chemokine CCL2COVID-19HyperglycemiaNitric Oxide Synthase Type IIAdultAgedFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenotypeHumansImmunity, InnateMaleMiddle AgedPolymorphism, Single NucleotideRisk FactorsSARS-CoV-2CCL2 protein, humanChemokine CCL2Nitric Oxide Synthase Type IINOS2 protein, humanCOVID-19genetic polymorphismhyperglycemiapostviral diabetes

Identifiers

PMID42528484
PMCPMC13420197

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.