ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Trained immunity in chronic rhinosinusitis: epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune memory as a driver of mucosal inflammation and recurrence.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a highly prevalent and debilitating inflammatory condition of the upper airway, affecting 5-28% of the global population and imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. Despite major advances in endoscopic sinus surgery, pharmacological management, and targeted biologic therapies, long-term disease recurrence following treatment remains an unresolved clinical challenge. Current pathophysiological frameworks centered on adaptive type 2 immunity, eosinophilic inflammation, and pathogen persistence fail to fully account for the chronification and therapy resistance of CRS. Emerging evidence positions trained immunity (the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells enabling non-antigen-specific functional memory) as a fundamental and previously underappreciated mechanism driving CRS recurrence. Persistent sinonasal microbial colonizers, including
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