Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42529665›Full record

ArticleGastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench2026

Alcohol-related cirrhosis mortality, 1990-2021: temporal trends and development-level inequalities.

Mohsen Farrokhpour, Mehdi Azizmohammad Looha, Amir Fallahnia, Yasmin Heydarzadeh Sohi, Reyhaneh Rastegar, Maryam Jamali Hondori, Muhammadhosein Moradi, Amirali Zareie Shab Khaneh

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Article in Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mohsen FarrokhpourFirouzgar Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mehdi Azizmohammad LoohaBasic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Amir FallahniaTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Yasmin Heydarzadeh SohiSchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Reyhaneh RastegarGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Maryam Jamali HondoriBiochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Muhammadhosein MoradiTehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Amirali Zareie Shab KhanehAllergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aim: We analyzed global and regional trends from 1990 to 2021, examined the impact of the Human Development Index (HDI), and compared spatial clusters in 1990 and 2021. Background: Alcohol-related cirrhosis is a major cause of liver-related mortality, but long-term patterns remain incompletely understood. Methods: Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) for alcohol-related cirrhosis were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study for 1990-2021. Temporal trends were evaluated using joinpoint regression. Differences by country development status (more vs. less developed using an HDI 0.700 cutoff) were assessed with multilevel longitudinal modeling. Spatial clustering was identified with Local Moran's I. Results: Globally, the ASMR of alcohol-related cirrhosis declined from 5.40 to 4.08 per 100,000 between 1990 and 2021, a 24% reduction, with larger relative declines observed in females than in males. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) in ASMR was -0.89%, with the steepest decline in North Africa and the Middle East and an increase in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Multilevel analysis over 1990-2021 showed faster yearly declines in ASMR in more developed countries compared with less developed ones. Spatial analysis revealed a shift of hotspots from Latin America and Africa in 1990 to Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 2021. Conclusion: Global alcohol-related cirrhosis mortality has declined but remains uneven, rising in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia and falling faster in more developed countries. Further progress needs targeted alcohol control and stronger health systems, especially in less-developed and hotspot regions where high-burden countries cluster.

Indexed as

Alcohol consumptionCirrhosisGender differencesGlobal burden of diseaseMortalityTrend analysis

Identifiers

PMID42529665
PMCPMC13418501

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.