ArticlePloS one2026
Current immunosuppressive treatment and self-reported lifetime stroke history among United States adults: A cross-sectional study.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive treatment is used for autoimmune, inflammatory, malignant, transplant-related, and other chronic conditions that may carry elevated cerebrovascular burden. Nationally representative evidence on current immunosuppressive treatment status and self-reported lifetime stroke history remains limited. This cross-sectional study used pooled 2023-2024 National Health Interview Survey Adult Sample data. The analytic sample included adults aged 18 years or older with valid survey weights and complete data on exposure, outcome, and selected covariates. The exposure was current self-reported use of medications that weaken the immune system. The outcome was self-reported lifetime stroke history. Survey-weighted logistic regression estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, accounting for National Health Interview Survey stratification, clustering, and adjusted sampling weights. The final analytic sample included 60,026 adults, representing approximately 250 million United States adults. The weighted prevalence of current immunosuppressive treatment was 4.6%. Stroke history was more common among adults receiving immunosuppressive treatment than among those not receiving treatment (6.0% versus 2.8%). In unadjusted analysis, immunosuppressive treatment was associated with higher odds of stroke history (odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.86-2.70, p < 0.001). After full adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, coronary heart disease, and income-to-poverty category, the association persisted (adjusted odds ratio 1.71, 95% confidence interval 1.40-2.08, p < 0.001). Current immunosuppressive treatment status, likely reflecting both medication exposure and underlying disease burden, was associated with higher odds of self-reported lifetime stroke history among United States adults. Because of the cross-sectional design, broad exposure definition, self-reported outcome, and potential confounding by indication, these findings should be interpreted as an association rather than evidence of causation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.