Keratan Sulfate: An Electroconductive Glycosaminoglycan at the Interface of Sensory Perception and Neural Signaling.

This narrative review highlights the functional attributes of keratan sulfate (KS), a glycosaminoglycan integral to structural support, hydration, and diverse tissue functions. KS has roles in cell signaling and regulates cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The electroconductive properties of KS stabilize ion fluxes and electrochemical gradients at the cell surface essential for membrane polarization that directs neuronal activation and neurotransmission. KS interacts with a diverse collection of kinases, growth factors, morphogens, and neuro-modulatory proteins, facilitating axonal guidance and correctly inter-connected neural networks essential for control of tissue function. The ability of KS to capture and transport protons assists in neuronal signaling and provides an ultrasensitive system that allows neurons to participate in neurosensory processes and contribute to neurosensory perception. The roles of some KS-proteoglycans are highlighted and encourage further studies in innovative areas of sensory perception and tissue function.