ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Spatial inequalities in quality antenatal care in India: a district-level analysis.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The study examines the spatial distribution and determinants of quality antenatal care (Q-ANC) utilization across districts of India using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21). Q-ANC is operationalized as the receipt of at least five out of seven essential antenatal care components, capturing the adequacy of service content during pregnancy. District-level estimates were analyzed using spatial statistical techniques, including Global and Local Moran's I, spatial regression models, and geographically weighted regression (GWR), to identify clustering patterns and spatial heterogeneity in determinants. The findings reveal substantial regional disparities in Q-ANC utilization, with higher coverage concentrated in southern India and lower levels in northern and northeastern districts. Significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I ≈ 0.60,
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