ReviewSports medicine and health science2026
Swimming-induced pulmonary oedema in triathletes: A narrative review of epidemiology, risk factors and prevention.
Review in Sports medicine and health science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Performance, physiology, and determinants of success in IRONMAN® 70.3: A systematic review.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Swimming-induced pulmonary oedema (SIPO) has predominantly been reported in swimmers. However, to date, no review has specifically explored the scientific literature concerning the occurrence and characteristics of SIPO in triathletes. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and discuss the current evidence on SIPO in the context of triathlon. Methods: We conducted a narrative review to summarize the current scientific literature on SIPO in triathletes. A structured search of two major databases-PubMed and Scopus-was conducted using free-text terms related to SIPO and triathlon. The search included articles published up to January 2025, with no language restrictions. After removing duplicates and excluding animal or in vitro studies, as well as unrelated articles based on title and abstract screening, a total of 48 relevant publications were included for analysis. Results: The reports on SIPO in triathletes are mainly case reports or case studies on a single athlete or a small number (case series) of triathletes. Most reported cases involved middle-aged women (30-60 years) participating in IRONMAN® 70.3 and IRONMAN® triathlons. The prevalence of SIPO in triathletes is reported to be less than 1.5%. Risk factors for SIPO in triathletes are female sex, age over 50 years, hypertension, fish oil consumption, highly trained individuals, competitive exercise, wet suit compression, longer race distances (i.e. IRONMAN® 70.3 or IRONMAN®) and a cold (water) environment. The symptoms and outcome are similar to those observed in swimmers and other aquatic athletes. Conclusions: In summary, the results regarding the prevalence, symptoms and risk factors of SIPO in triathletes are comparable to those in other aquatic athletes. SIPO occurs only in IRONMAN® 70.3 and IRONMAN® races, but has not been reported in the Olympic distance triathlon or triathlons longer than the IRONMAN® race distance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.