ArticleSkin health and disease2026
Association of atopic multimorbidity with childhood pet exposure and caesarean section delivery: a retrospective study from the Lifelines Cohort Study.
Article in Skin health and disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The hygiene hypothesis suggests that reduced microbial exposure may contribute to the development of atopic diseases, whereas higher exposure may exacerbate symptoms and promote disease progression. Objectives: To investigate the association between multiple childhood environmental exposures and atopic multimorbidity, defined as atopic dermatitis (AD) accompanied by at least two other atopic comorbidities, including asthma, food allergy (FA) and allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: Data on self-reported, physician-diagnosed lifetime AD were collected in 2020 through a digital questionnaire within the Lifelines Cohort Study, an ongoing population-based study including 167 729 residents of the northern Netherlands. Adults retrospectively reported childhood environmental exposures, including birthweight, gestational age, delivery mode, breastfeeding, tobacco smoke exposure (maternal or childhood), cat or dog ownership before the age of 16 years (ever owned, type and age at ownership) and living conditions. All exposure data, along with data on asthma, AR and FA, were collected between 2006 and 2013. Associations between environmental exposures and atopic multimorbidity (vs. no atopic disease) were assessed using logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, parental history of asthma and sibling status. Results: Among 28 791 included participants, 27 939 (97.0%) reported no atopic diseases, while 852 (3.0%) reported atopic multimorbidity. Compared with participants without atopic diseases, caesarean section delivery was positively associated with atopic multimorbidity [odds ratio (OR) 2.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-5.46], whereas pet ownership before the age of 16 years (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.37-0.75), including ownership of dogs only (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37-0.94), cats only (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.74) or both (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34-0.83), was negatively associated with atopic multimorbidity. Conclusions: Childhood pet ownership may be protective against atopic multimorbidity, whereas caesarean section delivery may be associated with a higher likelihood of atopic multimorbidity, providing insights into potential preventive strategies.
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.