ArticleHygiene and environmental health advances2026
Effects of Seasonality and Air Pollution on the Nasal Microbiota in Healthy Italian Adults.
Article in Hygiene and environmental health advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Air pollution is a major environmental risk factor for respiratory health, yet its interaction with seasonality in shaping the upper airway microbiota remains poorly understood. We conducted a longitudinal repeated-measures study to investigate whether seasonality modulates the effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution on the nasal microbiota of healthy adults. Twenty-six participants were sampled weekly for three weeks in winter and three weeks in summer. Microbial composition was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (124 samples) and whole-genome shotgun sequencing (141 samples). Weekly exposure to indoor total suspended particles (TSP) and outdoor pollutants (particulate matter, black carbon, benzene, and carbon monoxide) was assessed using environmental monitoring data. The nasal microbiota was stable within seasons but differed significantly between seasons, with winter enrichment of
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