ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Insulin resistance, vitamin D status, and cardiovascular risk in a general population cohort.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aims: Insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency have each been implicated in cardiovascular disease development, yet their joint effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the independent and combined associations of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels with the risk of MACE. Methods: This retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort comprising 335,206 participants who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline. The TyG index and serum 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed at enrollment. MACE was defined as a composite of ischemic heart disease, stroke, sudden cardiac arrest, and cardiovascular mortality. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additive and multiplicative interactions were evaluated using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (SI). Population-attributable cases and excess incidence rates were also estimated. Results: During a median follow-up of 13.77 years, 33,532 incident MACE events occurred. After multivariable adjustment, both a higher TyG index and lower serum 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with an increased risk of MACE. Participants with concomitant high TyG (≥9.4) and vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) exhibited the highest risk (HR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.18-1.35). A significant additive interaction was observed (RERI 0.074, 95% CI 0.017-0.131; AP 0.059, 95% CI 0.014-0.104; SI 1.39, 95% CI 1.01-1.78). This joint exposure accounted for 4,369 attributable MACE cases and an excess incidence rate of 35.4 per 10,000 person-years. Conclusion: Both an elevated TyG index and vitamin D deficiency are independently associated with an increased risk of MACE. Moreover, a significant statistical interaction between these factors further exacerbates cardiovascular risk in the general population. These findings identify the concomitance of insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency as a high-risk phenotype, warranting further research to elucidate its clinical relevance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.