Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42545501›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2026

Circadian distribution of carbohydrate intake during adolescence and association with risk markers of type 2 diabetes in adulthood-the role of chronotype.

Nicole Jankovic, Sarah Schmitting, Ines Perrar, Eva Hohoff, Azadeh Lesani, Janina Goletzke, Bianca Stutz, Christian Herder, Stefan A Wudy, Ute Nöthlings and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Nicole JankovicInstitute of Nutritional and Food Sciences-Nutritional Epidemiology, (DONALD Study), University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany. Nicole.Jankovic@uni-wh.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9235-5356
Sarah SchmittingInstitute of Nutritional and Food Sciences-Nutritional Epidemiology, (DONALD Study), University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.
Ines PerrarInstitute of Nutritional and Food Sciences-Nutritional Epidemiology, (DONALD Study), University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.
Eva HohoffInstitute of Nutritional and Food Sciences-Nutritional Epidemiology, (DONALD Study), University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.
Azadeh LesaniInstitute of Nutritional and Food Sciences-Nutritional Epidemiology, (DONALD Study), University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.
Janina GoletzkeFaculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.
Bianca StutzFaculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany.
Christian HerderInstitute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Stefan A WudyPediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Peptide Hormone Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Feulgenstraße 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
Ute NöthlingsInstitute of Nutritional and Food Sciences-Nutritional Epidemiology, (DONALD Study), University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.
Ute AlexyInstitute of Nutritional and Food Sciences-Nutritional Epidemiology, (DONALD Study), University of Bonn, Heinstück 11, 44225, Dortmund, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAdolescence is a critical phase characterized by temporary insulin resistance and a tendency for a later chronotype, potentially influencing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) later in life. This study explores how morning and evening carbohydrate (CHO) intake during adolescence are prospectively related to T2D risk factors-such as insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), liver fat indices, and subclinical inflammation- in adulthood while considering the role of chronotype.

methodsThis analysis utilizes data from 224 DONALD study participants (58% female) who provided 3-day weighed dietary records during adolescence (median age = 12 years) and a blood sample in adulthood (median age = 22 years). Owing to detected interactions between the timing of CHO intake i.e. CHO

resultsAn inverse relationship was found between morning CHO intake (before 11 a.m.) and adult HOMA2-IR levels (beta and 95% CI for high (T3) vs. low (T1): -0.12 (-0.21; -0.04), p

conclusionConsuming CHOs in the morning during adolescence is associated with lower HOMA2-IR in adulthood, irrespective of chronotype. However, the favorable morning CHO intake amount appears to vary by chronotype, indicating a personalized approach may be beneficial.

Indexed as

ChronotypeCircadian RhythmDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Dietary CarbohydratesAdolescentAdultBiomarkersChildFemaleHumansInsulin ResistanceMaleProspective StudiesRisk FactorsYoung AdultBiomarkersDietary CarbohydratesAdolescentsCarbohydratesChronotypeGlycemic indexType 2 diabetes risk

Identifiers

PMID42545501
PMCPMC13433581

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.