Evidence mapPaperPMID 42552769Full record

ArticleBioMed research international2026

Influence of Aqueous, Ethanolic, and Hydroethanolic Extraction on Phytochemical Content and Cardiometabolic-Related Bioactivities of Four Cameroonian Spices.

Kendra Lucrèce Nkaleu Ngonganga, Achille Nouga Bissoue, Blanche Cunégonde Omgba Etoundi, Aymar Rodrigue Fogang Mba, Ahlam Ali, Roberta Tolve, Fideline Laure Tchuenbou-Magaia, Fabrice Fabien Dongho Dongmo

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Article in BioMed research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Kendra Lucrèce Nkaleu NgongangaLaboratory of Process Engineering, Advanced Teacher's Training College for Technical Education, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon, univ-douala.com.
Achille Nouga BissoueLaboratory of Process Engineering, Advanced Teacher's Training College for Technical Education, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon, univ-douala.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-5965
Blanche Cunégonde Omgba EtoundiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon, univ-douala.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8365-5739
Aymar Rodrigue Fogang MbaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon, univ-douala.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-9927
Ahlam AliResearch Institute of Healthcare Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, wlv.ac.uk.
Roberta TolveDepartment of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy, univr.it.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3384-0888
Fideline Laure Tchuenbou-MagaiaCentre for Engineering Innovation and Research, School of Architecture, Computing and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK, wlv.ac.uk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-3696
Fabrice Fabien Dongho DongmoDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon, univ-douala.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6210-6869

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCameroonian spices are rich in bioactive phenolics with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Yet, the influence of solvent polarity on phytochemical extraction and the resulting multifunctional in vitro activities remains insufficiently characterized. This study compared aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts of Mondia whitei, Scorodophloeus zenkeri, Syzygium aromaticum, and Xylopia aethiopica, linking solvent-dependent phytochemical profiles to antioxidant, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory activities relevant to cardiometabolic health.

methodsTotal polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified using standard colorimetric assays. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2

resultsSolvent polarity markedly influenced extraction yield and phytochemical composition. Hydroethanolic extraction provided the most balanced recovery of phenolics and consistently enhanced antioxidant, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory responses. Ethanolic extracts of S. zenkeri and M. whitei exhibited high polyphenol content and strong inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and ACE. S. aromaticum showed broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, whereas X. aethiopica displayed moderate but reliable effects across assays. Correlation trends revealed selective associations between specific phytochemical classes and biological endpoints, indicating that bioactivity depends on both phytochemical composition and solvent-driven extraction patterns.

conclusionHydroethanolic extraction generally yielded phenolic-rich, multifunctional extracts across the four Cameroonian spices, although solvent performance remained species-dependent. The combined solvent-dependent trends and phytochemical-bioactivity correlations highlight that extraction polarity and phytochemical composition jointly shape the functional signatures of these spices. These findings provide preliminary biochemical indicators of their potential for functional food and phytomedicinal applications. Further work involving comprehensive chemical characterization and validation in cell-based and in vivo models is required to clarify mechanisms of action and support future development pathways.

Indexed as

PhytochemicalsPlant ExtractsSpicesAnimalsAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAntioxidantsCameroonEthanolFlavonoidsHumansPolyphenolsSolventsWaterAnti-Inflammatory AgentsAntioxidantsEthanolFlavonoidsPhytochemicalsPlant ExtractsPolyphenolsSolventsWaterantioxidantscardiometabolic healthenzyme inhibitionextraction solventinflammation activity

Identifiers

PMID42552769
PMCPMC13438872

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.